• • • William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the presidency, he was the from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992. A member of the, Clinton was ideologically a and many of his policies reflected a ' political philosophy. Clinton was born and raised in and attended, the, and. He met at Yale and married her in 1975.
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After graduating from Yale, Clinton returned to Arkansas and won election as the, serving from 1977 to 1979. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the state's education system and served as chairman of the. Clinton was elected president in, defeating incumbent Republican opponent.
At age 46, he became the and the first from the generation. Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the, but failed to pass his plan for.
In the, the of the for the first time in 40 years. In, Clinton became the first Democrat since to be elected to a second full term. Clinton passed and the, as well as financial deregulation measures, including the and the.
In 1998, Clinton was by the for and, relating to a involving White House employee. Clinton was acquitted by the in 1999 and proceeded to complete his term in office. Clinton is only the second U.S. President to ever be impeached.
During the last three years of Clinton's presidency, the reported a budget surplus, the first such surplus since 1969. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U.S. Military intervention in the and wars, signed the in opposition to, participated in the to advance the peace process, and assisted the.
Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office of any U.S. President since, and he has continually received high ratings in. Since leaving office, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS and. He has remained active in politics by campaigning for Democratic candidates, including his wife's presidential campaigns and 's presidential campaigns.
In 2004, Clinton published his autobiography,. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations to and after the, he teamed with to form the. Clinton's childhood home in Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in.
He was the son of (1918–1946), a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and (later Virginia Kelley: 1923–1994). His parents had married on September 4, 1943, but this union later proved to be bigamous, as Blythe was still married to his third wife. Soon after Bill was born, Virginia traveled to to study nursing.
She left her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the southern United States was, Clinton's grandparents sold goods on to people of all races.
In 1950, Bill's mother returned from nursing school and married, who owned an in, with his brother and. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950. Although he immediately assumed use of his stepfather's surname, it was not until Clinton turned 15 that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather.
Clinton said that he remembered his stepfather as a gambler and an alcoholic who regularly abused his mother and half-brother,, to the point where he intervened multiple times with the threat of violence to protect them. Clinton with his saxophone at the White House in 1996. He began playing the saxophone in elementary school.
At one point, Clinton considered pursuing a career in music. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. John's Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and, where he was an active student leader, avid reader, and musician. Clinton was in the chorus and played the, winning first chair in the state band's saxophone section. He briefly considered dedicating his life to music, but as he noted in his autobiography. Sometime in my sixteenth year, I decided I wanted to be in public life as an elected official.
I loved music and thought I could be very good, but I knew I would never be. I was interested in medicine and thought I could be a fine doctor, but I knew I would never be. But I knew I could be great in public service. Clinton began an interest in law at Hot Springs High, when he took up the challenge to argue the defense of the ancient in a mock trial in his Latin class. After a vigorous defense that made use of his 'budding rhetorical and political skills', he told the Latin teacher Elizabeth Buck that it 'made him realize that someday he would study law'.
Clinton has identified two influential moments in his life, both occurring in 1963, that contributed to his decision to become a public figure. One was his visit as a senator to the to meet President.
The other was watching 's 1963 speech on TV, which impressed him enough that he later memorized it. College and law school years Georgetown University. Clinton ran for president of the while attending the School of Foreign Service. With the aid of scholarships, Clinton attended the at in Washington, D.C., receiving a degree in 1968.
In 1964 and 1965, Clinton won elections for. From 1964 to 1967, he was an intern and then a clerk in the office of Arkansas Senator. While in college, he became a brother of co-ed service fraternity and was elected to. Clinton was also a member of the, a youth group affiliated with Freemasonry, but he never became a. He is a member of honorary band fraternity. Oxford Upon graduating from Georgetown in 1968, Clinton won a to in Oxford, England, where he initially read for a in but transferred to a in politics and, ultimately, a in politics. Clinton did not expect the second year because of the draft and he switched programs; this type of activity was common among other Rhodes Scholars from his cohort.
He had received an offer to study at,, but he left early to return to the United States and did not receive a degree from Oxford. During his time at Oxford, Clinton befriended fellow American Rhodes Scholar Frank Aller. In 1969, Aller received a letter that mandated deployment to the. Aller's 1971 suicide had an influential impact on Clinton. British writer and feminist said of Clinton, 'I remember Bill and Frank Aller taking me to a pub in Walton Street in the summer term of 1969 and talking to me about the Vietnam War. I knew nothing about it, and when Frank began to describe the napalming of civilians I began to cry. Bill said that feeling bad wasn't good enough.
That was the first time I encountered the idea that liberal sensitivities weren't enough and you had to do something about such things'. He also developed an interest in, which he played at Oxford. While Clinton was president in 1994, he received an honorary degree and a fellowship from the University of Oxford, specifically for being 'a doughty and tireless champion of the cause of world peace', having 'a powerful collaborator in his wife,' and for winning 'general applause for his achievement of resolving the gridlock that prevented an agreed budget'.
Vietnam War opposition and draft controversy While at Oxford, Clinton also participated in and organized an October 1969 event. During the, Clinton received educational draft deferments while he was in England in 1968 and 1969. He was planning to attend law school in the U.S. And was aware that he might lose his draft deferment. Clinton tried unsuccessfully to obtain positions in the or, and he then made arrangements to join the (ROTC) program at the.
He subsequently decided not to join the ROTC, saying in a letter to the officer in charge of the program that he opposed the war, but did not think it was honorable to use ROTC, National Guard, or Reserve service to avoid serving in Vietnam. He further stated that because he opposed the war, he would not volunteer to serve in uniform, but would subject himself to the draft, and would serve if selected only as a way 'to maintain my political viability within the system'. Clinton registered for the draft and received a high number (311), meaning that those whose birthdays had been drawn as numbers 1 to 310 would have to be before him, making it unlikely that he would be drafted. (In fact, the highest number drafted was 195.) Eugene Holmes, the Army officer who had been involved with Clinton's ROTC application, suspected that Clinton attempted to manipulate the situation to avoid the draft and avoid serving in uniform.
He issued a statement during the 1992 presidential campaign. I was informed by the draft board that it was of interest to Senator Fulbright's office that Bill Clinton, a Rhodes Scholar, should be admitted to the program.
I believe that he purposely deceived me, using the possibility of joining the ROTC as a ploy to work with the draft board to delay his induction and get a new draft classification. During the 1992 campaign, it was revealed that Clinton's uncle had attempted to secure him a position in the, which would have prevented him from being deployed to Vietnam. This effort was unsuccessful and Clinton said in 1992 that he had been unaware of it until then. Although legal, Clinton's actions with respect to the draft and deciding whether to serve in the military were criticized during his first presidential campaign by conservatives and some Vietnam veterans, some of whom charged that he had used Fulbright's influence to avoid military service. Clinton's 1992 campaign manager,, successfully argued that Clinton's letter in which he declined to join the ROTC should be made public, insisting that voters, many of whom had also opposed the Vietnam War, would understand and appreciate his position. Law school After Oxford, Clinton attended and earned a (J.D.) degree in 1973. In 1971, he met fellow law student in the; she was a class year ahead of him.
They began dating and were soon inseparable. After only about a month, Clinton postponed his plans to be a coordinator for the for the in order to move in with her in California. They married on October 11, 1975, and their only child,, was born on February 27, 1980.
Clinton eventually moved to Texas with Rodham in 1972 to take a job leading 's effort there. He spent considerable time in, at the campaign's local headquarters on Lemmon Avenue, where he had an office. Clinton worked with future two-term, future, and then unknown television director (and future filmmaker). Early political career. Further information:;;;; and After graduating from Yale Law School, Clinton returned to Arkansas and became a law professor at the. In 1974, he ran for the. Running in a conservative district against incumbent Republican, Clinton's campaign was bolstered by the anti-Republican and anti-incumbent mood resulting from the.
Hammerschmidt, who had received 77 percent of the vote in 1972, defeated Clinton by only a 52 percent to 48 percent margin. In 1976, Clinton ran for. With only minor opposition in the primary and no opposition at all in the general election, Clinton was elected. Newly elected Bill Clinton meets with President in 1978, fifteen years before assuming the nation's highest office. Clinton was elected in 1978, having defeated the Republican candidate, a farmer from.
At age 32, he became the youngest governor in the country. Due to his youthful appearance, Clinton was often called the 'Boy Governor'. He worked on educational reform and directed the maintenance of Arkansas's roads, with wife Hillary leading a successful committee on urban health care reform.
However, his term included an unpopular motor vehicle tax and citizens' anger over the escape of Cuban refugees (from the ) detained in in 1980. Of in, polled 31 percent of the vote against Clinton in the Democratic gubernatorial primary of 1980. Some suggested Schwarzlose's unexpected voter turnout foreshadowed Clinton's defeat by challenger in the general election that year. As Clinton once joked, he was the youngest ex-governor in the nation's history. Clinton joined friend 's Little Rock law firm of Wright, Lindsey and Jennings.
In 1982, he was elected governor a second time and kept the office for ten years. Effective with the 1986 election, Arkansas had changed its gubernatorial term of office from two to four years. During his term, he helped transform Arkansas's economy and improved the state's educational system. For, he removed the from medications and increased the home property-tax exemption. He became a leading figure among the, a group of who advocated welfare reform, smaller government, and other policies not supported by liberals.
Formally organized as the (DLC), the New Democrats argued that in light of President 's, the Democratic Party needed to adopt a more centrist political stance in order to succeed at the national level. Clinton delivered the to Reagan's and served as chair of the from 1986 to 1987, bringing him to an audience beyond Arkansas. In the early 1980s, Clinton made reform of the Arkansas education system a top priority of his gubernatorial administration. The Arkansas Education Standards Committee was chaired by Clinton's wife, who was also an attorney as well as the chair of the. The committee transformed Arkansas's education system.
Proposed reforms included more spending for schools (supported by a sales-tax increase), better opportunities for gifted children, vocational education, higher teachers' salaries, more course variety, and compulsory teacher competency exams. The reforms passed in September 1983 after Clinton called a special —the longest in Arkansas history. Many have considered this the greatest achievement of the Clinton governorship.
He defeated four Republican candidates for governor: Lowe (1978), White (1982 and 1986), businessmen (1984), and of Little Rock (1990). Governor and Mrs. Clinton attend the Dinner Honoring the Nation's Governors in the with President and first lady, 1987. Also in the 1980s, The Clintons' personal and business affairs included transactions that became the basis of the investigation, which later dogged his presidential administration. After extensive investigation over several years, no indictments were made against the Clintons related to the years in Arkansas. According to some sources, Clinton was a death penalty opponent in his early years, but he eventually switched positions. During Clinton's term, Arkansas performed its first executions since 1964 (the death penalty had been re-enacted on March 23, 1973).
As Governor, he oversaw four executions: one by and three. Later, as president, Clinton was the first president to pardon a death-row inmate since the federal death penalty was reinstated in 1988. 1988 Democratic presidential primaries In 1987, the media speculated that Clinton would enter the Presidential race after incumbent declined to run and Democratic front-runner withdrew owing to revelations of marital infidelity. Clinton decided to remain as Arkansas governor (following consideration for the potential candidacy of Hillary Rodham Clinton for governor, initially favored—but ultimately vetoed—by the First Lady).
For the nomination, Clinton endorsed. He gave the nationally televised opening night address at the, but his speech, which was 33 minutes long and twice as long as it was expected to be, was criticized for being too long and poorly delivered. Clinton presented himself as both a moderate and a member of the New Democrat wing of the Democratic Party, and he headed the moderate in 1990 and 1991. Presidency (1993–2001).
By President Bill Clinton during his terms in office During his presidency,, most of which were enacted into law or implemented by the executive branch. His policies, particularly the and, have been attributed to a philosophy of governance. His policy of helped to reduce deficits on budgetary matters. Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. The reported budget surpluses of $69 billion in 1998, $126 billion in 1999, and $236 billion in 2000, during the last three years of Clinton's presidency. Over the years of the recorded surplus, the gross national debt rose each year.
At the end of the fiscal year (September 30) for each of the years a surplus was recorded, The U.S. Treasury reported a gross debt of $5.413 trillion in 1997, $5.526 trillion in 1998, $5.656 trillion in 1999, and $5.674 trillion in 2000. Over the same period, the Office of Management and Budget reported an end of year (December 31) gross debt of $5.369 trillion in 1997, $5.478 trillion in 1998, $5.606 in 1999, and $5.629 trillion in 2000.
At the end of his presidency, the Clintons moved to in order to satisy a residency requirement for his wife to win election as a U.S. Senator from New York.
1992 presidential campaign. Further information:;; and In the first primary contest, the, Clinton finished a distant third to Iowa Senator. During the campaign for the, reports surfaced that Clinton had engaged in an extramarital affair with.
Clinton fell far behind former Massachusetts Senator in the New Hampshire polls. Following, Clinton and his wife Hillary went on to rebuff the charges. Their television appearance was a calculated risk, but Clinton regained several delegates.
He finished second to Tsongas in the, but after trailing badly in the polls and coming within single digits of winning, the media viewed it as a victory. News outlets labeled him 'The Comeback Kid' for earning a firm second-place finish. Winning the big prizes of Florida and Texas and many of the on gave Clinton a sizable delegate lead. However, former California Governor was scoring victories and Clinton had yet to win a significant contest outside his native South. With no major Southern state remaining, Clinton targeted New York, which had many delegates. He scored a resounding victory in New York City, shedding his image as a regional candidate. Having been transformed into the consensus candidate, he secured the Democratic Party nomination, finishing with a victory in 's home state of California.
The Clintons in a Christmas portrait, 1993 During the campaign, questions of regarding state business and the politically powerful, at which Hillary Rodham Clinton was a partner, arose. Clinton argued the questions were moot because all transactions with the state had been deducted before determining Hillary's firm pay.
Further concern arose when Bill Clinton announced that, with Hillary, voters would be getting two presidents 'for the price of one'. Clinton was still the Governor of Arkansas while campaigning for U.S. President, and he returned to his home state to see that would be executed.
After killing a police officer and a civilian, Rector shot himself in the head, leading to what his lawyers said was a state where he could still talk but did not understand the idea of death. According to both Arkansas state law and Federal law, a seriously mentally impaired inmate cannot be executed.
The courts disagreed with the allegation of grave mental impairment and allowed the execution. Clinton's return to Arkansas for the execution was framed in a article as a possible political move to counter 'soft on crime' accusations. Bush's were around 80 percent during the, and he was described as unbeatable. When Bush compromised with Democrats to try to lower Federal deficits, he reneged on his, which hurt his approval rating. Clinton repeatedly condemned Bush for making a promise he failed to keep. By election time, the economy was souring and Bush saw his approval rating plummet to just slightly over 40 percent.
Finally, conservatives were previously united by anti-communism, but with the end of the Cold War, the party lacked a uniting issue. When and addressed Christian themes at the —with Bush criticizing Democrats for omitting God from their platform—many moderates were alienated. Clinton then pointed to his moderate, 'New Democrat' record as governor of Arkansas, though some on the more liberal side of the party remained suspicious. Many Democrats who had supported and Bush in previous elections switched their support to Clinton. Clinton and his running mate,, toured the country during the final weeks of the campaign, shoring up support and pledging a 'new beginning'.
1992 electoral vote results Clinton won the (370 electoral votes) against Republican incumbent (168 electoral votes) and billionaire (0 electoral votes), who ran as an independent on a platform that focused on domestic issues. Bush's steep decline in public approval was a significant part of Clinton's success.
Clinton's victory in the election ended twelve years of Republican rule of the and twenty of the previous twenty-four years. The election gave Democrats full control of the, the first time one party controlled both the executive and legislative branches since Democrats held the during the presidency of.
First term (1993–1997). 'Our democracy must be not only the envy of the world but the engine of our own renewal. There is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America.' Inaugural address, January 20, 1993. Clinton was as the 42nd President of the United States on January 20, 1993. Less than a month after taking office, he signed the, which required large employers to allow employees to take unpaid leave for pregnancy or a serious medical condition.
This action had bipartisan support, and was popular with the public. Two days after taking office, on January 22, 1993—the 20th anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in —Clinton reversed restrictions on domestic and international programs that had been imposed by Reagan and Bush. Clinton said that abortion should be kept 'safe, legal, and rare'—a slogan that had been suggested by political scientist and first used by Clinton in December 1991, while campaigning. During the eight years of the Clinton administration, the U.S.
Abortion rate declined by about 18.4 percent. On February 15, 1993, Clinton made his first address to the nation, announcing his plan to raise taxes to close a. Two days later, in a nationally televised address to a, Clinton unveiled his economic plan. The plan focused on reducing the deficit rather than on cutting taxes for the middle class, which had been high on his campaign agenda. Clinton's advisers pressured him to raise taxes, based on the theory that a smaller federal budget deficit would reduce bond interest rates. On May 19, 1993, Clinton fired seven employees of the White House Travel Office, causing the even though the travel office staff served at the pleasure of the president and could be.
The White House responded to the controversy by claiming that the firings were done in response to financial improprieties that had been revealed by a brief FBI investigation. Critics contended that the firings had been done to allow friends of the Clintons to take over the travel business and the involvement of the FBI was unwarranted. Clinton and Vice President on the South Lawn, August 10, 1993 In August, Clinton signed the, which passed Congress without a Republican vote. It cut taxes for 15 million low-income families, made tax cuts available to 90 percent of small businesses, and raised taxes on the wealthiest 1.2 percent of taxpayers. Additionally, it mandated that the budget be balanced over a number of years through the implementation of spending restraints. On September 22, 1993, Clinton made a major speech to Congress regarding; the program aimed at achieving universal coverage through a national health care plan.
This was one of the most prominent items on Clinton's legislative agenda and resulted from a task force headed by Hillary Clinton. The plan was well received in political circles, but it was eventually doomed by well-organized lobby opposition from conservatives, the, and the health insurance industry. However, Clinton biographer stated that the program failed because of a lack of coordination within the.
Despite the Democratic majority in Congress, the effort to create a national health care system ultimately died when compromise legislation by failed to gain a majority of support in August 1994. The failure of the bill was the first major legislative defeat of the Clinton administration. In November 1993, —the source of criminal allegations against Bill Clinton in the —alleged that while he was governor of Arkansas, Clinton pressured him to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, the Clintons' partner in the Whitewater land deal.
A investigation resulted in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project, but the Clintons themselves were never charged, and Clinton maintains his and his wife's innocence in the affair. On November 30, 1993, Clinton signed into law the, which mandated federal on people who purchase firearms in the United States. The law also imposed a five-day waiting period on purchases, until the was implemented in 1998. He also expanded the, a subsidy for low-income workers. In December of the same year, allegations by Arkansas state troopers and Roger Perry were first reported by in. In the affair later known as ', the officers alleged that they arranged sexual liaisons for Clinton back when he was governor of Arkansas. The story mentioned a woman named Paula, a reference to.
Brock later apologized to Clinton, saying the article was politically motivated 'bad journalism', and that 'the troopers were greedy and had slimy motives'. Audio only version Problems playing these files? That month, Clinton implemented a Department of Defense directive known as ', which allowed gay men and women to serve in the armed services provided they kept their sexual preferences a secret. The Act forbade the military from inquiring about an individual's sexual orientation. The policy was developed as a compromise after Clinton's proposal to allow gays to serve openly in the military met staunch opposition from prominent Congressional Republicans and Democrats, including Senators (R-AZ) and (D-GA). According to, Clinton's support for the compromise led to a heated dispute with Vice President Al Gore, who felt that 'the President should lift the ban. Even though [his executive order] was sure to be overridden by the Congress'.
Some gay-rights advocates criticized Clinton for not going far enough and accused him of making his campaign promise to get votes and contributions. Their position was that Clinton should have integrated the military by executive order, noting that President used executive order to racially desegregate the armed forces. Clinton's defenders argued that an executive order might have prompted the Senate to write the exclusion of gays into law, potentially making it harder to integrate the military in the future. Later in his presidency, in 1999, Clinton criticized the way the policy was implemented, saying he did not think any serious person could say it was not 'out of whack'.
The policy remained controversial, and was finally, removing open sexual orientation as a reason for dismissal from the armed forces. On January 1, 1994, Clinton signed the into law. Throughout his first year in office, Clinton consistently supported ratification of the treaty by the U.S. Clinton and most of his allies in the Democratic Leadership Committee strongly supported free trade measures; there remained, however, strong disagreement within the party. Ardhangini Serial Title Song Lyrics.
Opposition came chiefly from anti-trade Republicans, protectionist Democrats and supporters of. The bill passed the house with 234 votes against 200 opposed (132 Republicans and 102 Democrats voting in favor; 156 Democrats, 43 Republicans, and 1 independent against). The treaty was then ratified by the Senate and signed into law by the president. The, which Clinton signed into law in September 1994, made many changes to U.S. Crime and law enforcement legislation including the expansion of the death penalty to include crimes not resulting in death, such as running a large-scale drug enterprise. During Clinton's re-election campaign he said, 'My 1994 crime bill expanded the death penalty for drug kingpins, murderers of federal law enforcement officers, and nearly 60 additional categories of violent felons.' It also included a subsection of for a ten-year period.
The Clinton administration also launched the first official website,, on October 21, 1994. It was followed by three more versions, resulting in the final edition launched in 2000. The White House website was part of a wider movement of the Clinton administration toward web-based communication.
According to Robert Longley, 'Clinton and Gore were responsible for pressing almost all federal agencies, the U.S. Court system and the U.S. Military onto the Internet, thus opening up America's government to more of America's citizens than ever before. On July 17, 1996, Clinton issued Executive Order 13011 – Federal Information Technology, ordering the heads of all federal agencies to utilize information technology fully to make the information of the agency easily accessible to the public.' After two years of Democratic Party control, the Democrats lost control of Congress in the, for the first time in forty years. Clinton and in October 1995 The of June 1996 arose concerning improper access by the White House to security-clearance documents. Craig Livingstone, head of the White House Office of Personnel Security, improperly requested, and received from the FBI, background report files without asking permission of the subject individuals; many of these were employees of former Republican administrations.
In March 2000, Independent Counsel determined that there was no credible evidence of any crime. Ray's report further stated, 'there was no substantial and credible evidence that any senior White House official was involved' in seeking the files.
On September 21, 1996, Clinton signed into law the (DOMA), which defines marriage for federal purposes as the legal union of one man and one woman, allowing individual states to refuse to recognize gay marriages performed in other states., speaking for the White House gay and lesbian liaison office, said that Clinton's signing of DOMA 'was a political decision that they made at the time of a re-election'. In defense of his actions, Clinton has said that DOMA was an attempt to 'head off an attempt to send a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage to the states', a possibility he described as highly likely in the context of a 'very reactionary Congress'. Administration spokesman said, 'the alternatives we knew were going to be far worse, and it was time to move on and get the president re-elected.' Clinton himself stated that DOMA was something 'which the Republicans put on the ballot to try to get the base vote for Bush up, I think it's obvious that something had to be done to try to keep the Republican Congress from presenting that'. Others were more critical. The veteran gay rights and gay marriage activist has called these claims 'historic revisionism'. In a July 2, 2011, editorial opined, 'The Defense of Marriage Act was enacted in 1996 as an election-year wedge issue, signed by President Bill Clinton in one of his worst policy moments.'
Ultimately, in, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down DOMA in June 2013. Despite DOMA, Clinton was the first president to select openly gay persons for administrative positions, and he is generally credited as being the first president to publicly champion gay rights. During his presidency, Clinton issued two substantially controversial executive orders on behalf of gay rights, the first lifting the ban on security clearances for LGBT federal employees and the second outlawing discrimination based on sexual orientation in the federal civilian workforce. Under Clinton's leadership, federal funding for HIV/AIDS research, prevention and treatment more than doubled.
Clinton also pushed for passing hate crimes laws for gays and for the private sector, which, buoyed by his lobbying, failed to pass the Senate by a single vote in 1996. Advocacy for these issues, paired with the politically unpopular nature of the gay rights movement at the time, led to enthusiastic support for Clinton's election and reelection by the. Clinton came out for gay marriage in July 2009 and urged the Supreme Court to overturn DOMA in 2013. He was later honored by for his prior pro-gay stances and his reversal on DOMA. 'When I took office, only high energy physicists had ever heard of what is called the Worldwide Web. Now even my cat has its own page.'
Bill Clinton's announcement of, October 1996. The was an alleged effort by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to influence the domestic policies of the United States, before and during the Clinton administration, and involved the fundraising practices of the administration itself. The Chinese government denied all accusations. As part of a 1996 initiative to curb, Clinton signed the (IIRIRA) on September 30, 1996. Appointed by Clinton, the recommended reducing legal immigration from about 800,000 people a year to about 550,000., author of The Death of American Virtue: Clinton vs. Starr, reveals in his book that Clinton narrowly escaped possible assassination in the Philippines in November 1996.
During his visit to the (APEC) forum in Manila, while he was on his way to meet with a senior member of the Philippine government, Clinton was saved from danger minutes before his motorcade was scheduled to drive over a bridge charged with a timed improvised explosive device (IED). According to officials, the IED was large enough to 'blow up the entire presidential motorcade'. Details of the plot were revealed to Gormley by, former member of the presidential protection detail and Director of the. Intelligence officers intercepted a radio transmission indicating that there was a wedding cake under a bridge.
This alerted Merletti and others as Clinton's motorcade was scheduled to drive over a major bridge in downtown Manila. Once more, the word 'wedding' was the code name used by a terrorist group for a past assassination attempt. Merletti wanted to reroute the motorcade, but the alternate route would add forty-five minutes to the drive time. Clinton was very angry, as he was already late for the meeting, but following the advice of the secret service possibly saved his life. Two other bombs had been discovered in Manila earlier in the week so the threat level that day was high. Security personnel at the Manila International Airport uncovered several grenades and a timing device in a travel bag.
Officials also discovered a bomb near a major U.S. The president was scheduled to visit both of these locations later in the week. An intense investigation took place into the events in Manila and it was discovered that the group behind the bridge bomb was a Saudi terrorist group in Afghanistan known as and the plot was masterminded.
Until recently, this thwarted assassination attempt was never made public and remained top secret. Only top members of the U.S. Intelligence community were aware of these events. 1996 presidential election. President Bill Clinton (center), first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton (right) and their daughter (left) wave to watchers at a parade down Pennsylvania Avenue on Inauguration Day, January 20, 1997. In the, Clinton was re-elected, receiving 49.2 percent of the popular vote over Republican (40.7 percent of the popular vote) and candidate (8.4 percent of the popular vote), becoming the first Democratic incumbent since to be elected to a second term and the first Democrat since to be elected president more than once. The Republicans lost three seats in the House and gained two in the Senate, but retained control of both houses of the.
Clinton received 379, or over 70 percent of the votes, with Dole receiving 159 electoral votes. Second term (1997–2001). And applaud as Clinton waves during the address in 1997. In the January 1997 State of the Union address, Clinton proposed a new initiative to provide health coverage to up to five million children. Senators —a Democrat—and —a Republican—teamed up with Hillary Rodham Clinton and her staff in 1997, and succeeded in passing legislation forming the (SCHIP), the largest (successful) health care reform in the years of the Clinton Presidency. That year, Hillary Clinton shepherded through Congress the and two years later she succeeded in helping pass the. He negotiated the passage of the by the Republican Congress.
In October 1997, he announced he was getting hearing aids, due to hearing loss attributed to his age, and his time spent as a musician in his youth. In 1999 Clinton signed into law the Financial Services Modernization Act also known as the, which repealed the part of the that had prohibited a bank from offering a full range of,, and insurance services since its enactment in 1933. Impeachment and acquittal.
Clinton's impeachment trial in 1999 After the 1998 elections, the House, alleging and related to the. Clinton was only the second U.S. President to be impeached, after. Impeachment proceedings were based on allegations that Clinton had illegally lied about and covered up his relationship with 22-year-old White House (and later ) employee. After the was submitted to the House providing what it termed 'substantial and credible information that President Clinton Committed Acts that May Constitute Grounds for an Impeachment', the House began impeachment hearings against Clinton before the. To hold impeachment proceedings, the Republican leadership called a in December 1998.
Clinton shaking hands with future president at, June 2000 While the hearings ended in a straight party-line vote, there was lively debate on the House floor. The two charges passed in the House (largely with Republican support, but with a handful of Democratic votes as well) were for and. The perjury charge arose from Clinton's testimony before a that had been convened to investigate he may have committed in his sworn deposition during Jones v. Clinton, 's sexual harassment lawsuit. The obstruction charge was based on his actions to conceal his relationship with Lewinsky before and after that deposition.
The Senate later acquitted Clinton on both charges. The Senate refused to meet to hold an impeachment trial before the end of the old term, so the trial was held over until the next Congress. Clinton was represented by Washington law firm.
The Senate finished a twenty-one-day trial on February 12, 1999, with the vote of 55 Not Guilty/45 Guilty on the perjury charge and 50 Not Guilty/50 Guilty on the obstruction of justice charge. Both votes fell short of the Constitutional two-thirds majority requirement to convict and remove an officeholder. The final vote was generally along party lines, with no Democrats voting guilty, and only a handful of Republicans voting not guilty. On January 19, 2001, Clinton's law license was suspended for five years after he acknowledged to an Arkansas circuit court that he had engaged in conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice in the Jones case.
Pardons and commutations Clinton 141 pardons and 36 commutations on his last day in office on January 20, 2001. Most of the controversy surrounded and allegations that Hillary Clinton's brother,, accepted payments in return for influencing the president's decision-making regarding the pardons.
Federal prosecutor was appointed to investigate the pardon of Rich. She was later replaced by then-Republican, who found no wrongdoing on Clinton's part.
Some of Clinton's pardons remain a point of controversy. Military and foreign events.
Clinton speaks with,, before boarding, November 4, 1999. Many military events occurred during Clinton's presidency. The occurred in in 1993. During the operation, were shot down by attacks to their, trapping soldiers behind enemy lines. This resulted in an urban battle that killed 18 American soldiers, wounded 73 others, and one was taken prisoner.
There were many more Somali casualties. Some of the American bodies were dragged through the streets—a spectacle broadcast on television news programs. In response, U.S. Forces were withdrawn from Somalia and later conflicts were approached with fewer soldiers on the ground. In 1995, U.S. And aircraft to halt attacks on U.N. Safe zones and to pressure them into a peace accord.
Clinton deployed U.S. Peacekeepers to Bosnia in late 1995, to uphold the subsequent. General John P. Air Forces in Europe commander, escorts Clinton upon his arrival to, Germany, May 5, 1999. The president visited several European air bases to thank the troops for their support of NATO Operations Allied Force and Shining Hope.
In 1992, before his presidency, Clinton proposed sending a to, but this was dropped to avoid tensions with the government. In 1994 Clinton angered London by granting a visa to, leader of, the 's political arm. In November 1995, Clinton became the first U.S. President to visit Northern Ireland, seeing both the divided communities of and later famously handshaking Adams, 14 months into an IRA ceasefire during.
Despite criticism, Clinton used this as a way to negotiate an end to the violent conflict with London,, the paramilitaries and the other groups. Clinton went on to play a key role in the, which eventually led to the in 1998. In February 1996, the Clinton administration agreed to pay Iran US$131.8 million in settlement to discontinue a case brought by Iran in 1989 against the U.S. In the after the shooting down of by the U.S. Capturing had been an objective of the U.S. Government during the presidency of Bill Clinton (and continued to be until ). Despite claims by and Sudanese officials that the Sudanese government had offered to arrest and extradite bin Laden and that U.S.
Authorities rejected each offer the stated that 'we have not found any reliable evidence to support the Sudanese claim'. In response to a 1996 State Department warning about bin Laden and the by (which killed 224 people, including 12 Americans), Clinton ordered several military missions to capture or kill bin Laden, both of which were unsuccessful. In August 1998, Clinton, targeting the in Sudan, which was suspected of assisting bin Laden in making chemical weapons, and bin Laden's terrorist training camps in Afghanistan. President Clinton, Israeli prime minister and Palestinian leader at, July 2000 Seeking to weaken Hussein's grip on power, Clinton signed the into law on October 31, 1998, which instituted a policy of 'regime change' against Iraq, though it explicitly stated it did not provide for direct intervention on the part of American military forces. The administration then launched a four-day bombing campaign named, lasting from December 16 to 19, 1998. At the end of this operation Clinton announced that 'So long as Saddam remains in power, he will remain a threat to his people, his region, and the world. With our allies, we must pursue a strategy to contain him and to constrain his weapons of mass destruction program, while working toward the day Iraq has a government willing to live at peace with its people and with its neighbors.'
American and British aircraft in the Iraq no-fly zones attacked hostile Iraqi air defenses 166 times in 1999 and 78 times in 2000. Clinton's November 2000 visit to was the first by a U.S. President since the end of the. On October 10, 2000, Clinton signed into law the, which granted (PNTR) trade status to People's Republic of China. The president asserted that free trade would gradually open China to democratic reform. Clinton also oversaw a boom of the U.S.
Under Clinton, the United States had a projected federal for the first time since 1969. After initial successes such as the of the early 1990s, which also led to the in 1994 and the in October 1998, Clinton attempted an effort to end the.
He brought Israeli Prime Minister and Palestinian Authority chairman together at for the in July 2000, which lasted 14 days. Following the failures of the peace talks, Clinton stated Arafat 'missed the opportunity' to facilitate a 'just and lasting peace'. In his, Clinton blames Arafat for the collapse of the summit. Following another attempt in December 2000 at, in which the president offered the, the situation broke down completely after the end of the and with the start of the. Judicial appointments. Accepting her nomination to the Supreme Court from President Clinton Clinton appointed two justices to the: in 1993 and in 1994.
Along with his two Supreme Court appointments, Clinton appointed 66 judges to the and 305 judges to the. His 373 judicial appointments are the second most in American history behind those of Ronald Reagan. Clinton also experienced a number of, as 69 nominees to did not receive a vote in the -controlled. In all, 84 percent of his nominees were confirmed.
Was one of the judges who Clinton appointed to the Court of Appeals. She was nominated by Clinton in 1997 to the. Sotomayor was confirmed in 1998, following a delay of more than a year that was caused by Republican opposition. Clinton was the first president in history to appoint more women and minority judges than white male judges to the federal courts. In his eight years in office, 11.6% of Clinton's court of appeals nominees and 17.4% of his district court nominees were black; 32.8% of his court of appeals nominees and 28.5% of his district court nominees were women.
Clinton appointed the first African American judges to the () and the (). Clinton also appointed the nation's first openly federal judge when he named to the. Batts was confirmed by the Senate in a in 1994.
Public opinion. Clinton's throughout his presidential career Throughout Clinton's first term, his job approval rating fluctuated in the 40s and 50s. In his second term, his rating consistently ranged from the high-50s to the high-60s. After his impeachment proceedings in 1998 and 1999, Clinton's rating reached its highest point. According to a / poll, Clinton left office with an approval rating of 68 percent, which matched those of and as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era. Clinton's average approval rating for his last quarter in office was 61%, the highest final quarter rating any president has received for fifty years.
Forty-seven percent of the respondents identified themselves as being Clinton supporters. As he was leaving office, a CNN/ /Gallup poll revealed that 45 percent of Americans said they would miss him; 55 percent thought he 'would have something worthwhile to contribute and should remain active in public life'; 68 percent thought he would be remembered more for his 'involvement in personal scandal' than for 'his accomplishments'; and 58 percent answered 'No' to the question 'Do you generally think Bill Clinton is honest and trustworthy?' The same percentage said he would be remembered as either 'outstanding' or 'above average' as a president, while 22 percent said he would be remembered as 'below average' or 'poor'.
Characterized public consensus on Clinton as, 'You can't trust him, he's got weak morals and ethics – and he's done a heck of a good job.' In May 2006, a CNN poll comparing Clinton's job performance with that of his successor, George W. Bush, found that a strong majority of respondents said Clinton outperformed Bush in six different areas questioned. Gallup polls in 2007 and 2011 showed that Clinton was regarded by 13 percent of Americans as the greatest president in U.S. In 2014, 18 percent of respondents in a poll of American voters regarded Clinton as the best president since World War II, making him the third most popular among postwar presidents, behind and. The same poll showed that just 3% of American voters regarded Clinton as the worst president since World War II. A 2015 poll by asked 162 scholars of the to rank all the U.S.
Presidents in order of greatness. According to their findings, Clinton ranked eighth overall, with a rating of 70 percent. Public image. Clinton addressing the British parliament on November 29, 1995 As the first president, Clinton was the first chief executive since who was not alive during World War II.
Authors Martin Walker and Bob Woodward stated that Clinton's innovative use of -ready dialogue, personal charisma, and public perception-oriented campaigning were a major factor in his high public approval ratings. When Clinton played the saxophone on, he was described by some religious conservatives as 'the MTV president'. Opponents sometimes referred to him as 'Slick Willie', a nickname which was first applied to him in 1980 by Pine Bluff Commercial journalist; Greenberg believed that Clinton was abandoning the progressive policies of previous Arkansas Governors such as, and. The claim 'Slick Willie' would last throughout his presidency. Standing at a height of 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m), Clinton is tied with five others as the in the nation's history. His folksy manner led him to be, especially in the South. Since 2000, he has frequently been referred to as 'The Big Dog' or 'Big Dog'.
His prominent role in campaigning for during the and his widely publicized speech at the, where he officially nominated Obama and criticized Republican nominee and Republican policies in detail, earned him the nickname 'Explainer-in-Chief'. Clinton drew strong support from the African American community and insisted that the improvement of race relations would be a major theme of his presidency. In 1998, laureate called Clinton 'the first Black president', saying, 'Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing, -and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas'.
Morrison noted that Clinton's sex life was scrutinized more than his career accomplishments, and she compared this to the stereotyping and that blacks typically endure. Many viewed this comparison as unfair and disparaging to both Clinton and the African-American community at large. Clinton, a, has been open about his faith. Shortly after Clinton took office,, a conservative newspaper owner, organized a fundraising campaign to smear Clinton's image in the media. Leading the, Scaife and other associates sought to find sources in Clinton's home state of Arkansas who would be willing to dish out negative allegations against the president. Main article: In 1994, initiated a sexual harassment lawsuit against Clinton, claiming that he made unwanted advances towards her in 1991; Clinton denied the allegations.
In April 1998, the case was initially dismissed by Judge on the grounds that it lacked legal merit. Jones appealed Webber Wright's ruling, and her suit gained traction following Clinton's admission to having an affair with Monica Lewinsky in August 1998. In 1998, lawyers for Paula Jones released court documents that alleged a pattern of sexual harassment by Clinton when he was Governor of Arkansas., Clinton's main lawyer for the case, called the filing 'a pack of lies' and 'an organized campaign to smear the President of the United States' funded by Clinton's political enemies. Clinton later agreed to an out-of-court settlement and paid Jones $850,000.
Bennett said that the president made the settlement only so he could end the lawsuit for good and move on with his life. During the deposition for the Jones lawsuit, which was held at the White House, Clinton with – a denial that became the basis for an impeachment charge of perjury. In 1992, stated that she had a relationship with Clinton that began in 1980. Flowers at first denied that she had an affair with Clinton, but later changed her story. After Clinton at first denied having a relationship with Flowers on 60 Minutes, he later admitted that he had a sexual encounter with Flowers. Clinton speaking at the In 1998, alleged that Clinton groped her in a hallway in 1993. An independent counsel determined Willey gave 'false information' to the FBI, inconsistent with sworn testimony related to the Jones allegation.
On March 19, 1998, Julie Hiatt Steele, a friend of Willey, released an, accusing the former White House aide of asking her to lie to corroborate Ms. Willey's account of being sexually groped by Clinton in the Oval Office. An attempt by Kenneth Starr to prosecute Steele for making false statements and obstructing justice ended in a mistrial and Starr declined to seek a retrial after Steele sought an investigation against the former Independent Counsel for prosecutorial misconduct.
's grand jury testimony also differed from Willey's claims regarding inappropriate sexual advances. Also in 1998, alleged that Clinton had raped her in the spring of 1978, although she stated she did not remember the exact date. In another 1998 event, recanted a six-year-old denial and stated she had a one-night stand with Clinton in 1982.
Gracen later apologized to Hillary Clinton. Throughout the year, however, Gracen eluded a from Kenneth Starr to testify her claim in court. Post-presidency (2001–present). Clinton greets a evacuee, September 5, 2005. In the background, second from the right, is then-Senator. Bill Clinton continues to be active in public life, giving speeches, fundraising, and founding charitable organizations.
Clinton has spoken in prime time at every since 1988. Has suggested that Clinton is in a state of, due to the impeachment proceedings during his presidency and his continuing support in the campaigns of his wife Hillary Clinton. Activities until 2008 campaign In 2002, Clinton warned that pre-emptive military action against Iraq would have unwelcome consequences, and later claimed to have opposed the Iraq War from the start (though some dispute this). In 2005, Clinton criticized the Bush administration for its handling of emissions control, while speaking at the in Montreal. The in was dedicated in 2004. Clinton released a best-selling autobiography,, in 2004. In 2007, he released, which also became a and garnered positive reviews.
Former president George H. Bush and Clinton in the White House Library, January 2005 In the aftermath of the, appointed Clinton to head a relief effort. After, Clinton joined with fellow former president George H. Bush to establish the Bush-Clinton Tsunami Fund in January 2005, and the Bush-Clinton Katrina Fund in October of that year. As part of the tsunami effort, these two ex-presidents appeared in a pre-game show, and traveled to the affected areas. They also spoke together at the funeral of in April 2007.
The dedication of the, 2004 Based on his philanthropic worldview, Clinton created the to address issues of global importance. This foundation includes the Clinton Foundation HIV and AIDS Initiative (CHAI), which strives to combat that disease, and has worked with the Australian government toward that end. The Clinton Global Initiative (CGI), begun by the Clinton Foundation in 2005, attempts to address world problems such as global, poverty alleviation and religious and. In 2005, Clinton announced through his foundation an agreement with manufacturers to stop selling sugared drinks in schools. Clinton's foundation joined with the in 2006 to improve cooperation among those cities, and he met with foreign leaders to promote this initiative.
The foundation has received donations from a number of governments all over the world, including Asia and the Middle East. In 2008, Foundation director announced deals to reduce the price of anti-malaria drugs by 30 percent in developing nations.
Clinton also spoke in favor of on, which was voted down. 2008 presidential election. Clinton speaking at the During the, Clinton vigorously advocated on behalf of his wife,. Through speaking engagements and fundraisers, he was able to raise $10 million toward her campaign. Some worried that as an ex-president, he was too active on the trail, too negative to Clinton rival Barack Obama, and alienating his supporters at home and abroad.
Many were especially critical of him following his remarks in the South Carolina primary, which Obama won. Later in the 2008 primaries, there was some infighting between Bill and Hillary's staffs, especially in Pennsylvania. Considering Bill's remarks, many thought that he could not rally Hillary supporters behind Obama after Obama won the primary. Such remarks lead to apprehension that the party would be split to the detriment of Obama's election. Fears were allayed August 27, 2008, when Clinton enthusiastically endorsed Obama at the, saying that all his experience as president assures him that Obama is 'ready to lead'. After Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign was over, Bill Clinton continued to raise funds to help pay off her campaign debt. After the 2008 election.
Clinton with incumbent President and Senior Advisor in July 2010 In 2009, Clinton travelled to North Korea on behalf of two American journalists there. And had been imprisoned for illegally entering the country from China. Had made a similar visit in 1994. After Clinton met with North Korean leader, Kim issued a pardon. Since then, Clinton has been assigned a number of other diplomatic missions.
He was named United Nations to Haiti in 2009. In response to the, U.S. President Barack Obama announced that Clinton and would coordinate efforts to raise funds for Haiti's recovery. Clinton continues to visit Haiti to witness the inauguration of refugee villages, and to raise funds for victims of the earthquake. In 2010, Clinton announced support of, and delivered the keynote address for, the inauguration of, Ireland's first environmental foundation. At the, Clinton gave a widely praised speech nominating Barack Obama. 2016 presidential election.
Clinton campaigning at an election rally for his wife who was running to become the President of the United States, 2016 During the, Clinton again encouraged voters to support, including a campaign stop in Wilmington, NC. In a series of tweets, then-President-Elect criticized his ability to get people out to vote. After the 2016 election On September 7, 2017, Clinton partnered with former presidents,,, and to work with to help the victims of and in the and communities. Post-presidential health concerns In September 2004, Clinton underwent quadruple bypass surgery.
In March 2005, he again underwent surgery, this time for a partially collapsed lung. On February 11, 2010, he was rushed to in Manhattan after complaining of chest pains, and he had two implanted in his heart. After this procedure, Clinton adopted the plant-based whole foods () diet, which had been recommended by doctors and.
Bill Clinton speaks at Central High School in, Arizona, 2016. The Clintons accrued several million dollars in legal fees during his presidency; the bills were paid off four years after he left office. Bill and Hillary Clinton have both received millions of dollars in book authorship fees. In 2016, Forbes reported Bill and Hillary Clinton made about $240 million in the 15 years from January 2001 to December 2015 (mostly from paid speeches, business consulting and book-writing).
Also in 2016, CNN reported the Clintons combined to receive more than $153 million in paid speeches from 2001 until spring 2015. In May 2015, reported that Bill and Hillary Clinton have made more than $25 million in speaking fees since the start of 2014, and that Hillary Clinton also made $5 million or more from her book,, during the same time period. In July 2014, reported that at the end of 2012, the Clintons were worth between $5 million and $25.5 million, and that in 2012 (the last year they were required to disclose the information) the Clintons made between $16 and $17 million, mostly from speaking fees earned by the former president. Clinton earned more than $104 million from paid speeches between 2001 and 2012.
In June 2014, ABC News and The Washington Post reported that Bill Clinton has made more than $100 million giving paid speeches since leaving public office, and in 2008, the New York Times reported that the Clintons' income tax returns show they have made $109 million in the 8 years from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2007, including almost $92 million from his speaking and book-writing. Bill Clinton has given dozens of paid speeches each year since leaving office in 2001, mostly to corporations and philanthropic groups in North America and Europe; he often earned $100,000 to $300,000 per speech. Hillary Clinton said that she and Bill came out of the White House financially 'broke' and in debt, especially due to large legal fees incurred during their years in the White House.
'We had no money when we got there, and we struggled to, you know, piece together the resources for mortgages, for houses, for Chelsea's education.' She added, 'Bill has worked really hard. We had to pay off all our debts. He had to make double the money because of, obviously, taxes; and then pay off the debts, and get us houses, and take care of family members.' Honors and recognition. Bill Clinton statue in, the capital of Kosovo Various colleges and universities have awarded Clinton honorary degrees, including degrees and degrees.
He is an Honorary Fellow of University College, Oxford, which he attended as a, although he did not complete his studies there. Schools have been named for Clinton, and statues have been built to pay him homage. States where he has been honored include Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, and New York. He was presented with the by in 2001. The was opened in in his honor on December 5, 2001. He has been honored in various other ways, in countries that include the Czech Republic, Papua New Guinea, Germany, and Kosovo. The Republic of Kosovo, in gratitude for his help during the, renamed a major street in the capital city of as and added a monumental Clinton statue.
Clinton was selected as 's ' in 1992, and again in 1998, along with. From a poll conducted of the American people in December 1999, Clinton was among eighteen included in of the 20th century. He was honored with a, a Prize for International Understanding, a Prize (named for the confluence of technology, entertainment and design), and was named as an Honorary recipient for his work as an advocate for the community. In 2011, President of Haiti awarded Clinton with the to the rank of Grand Cross 'for his various initiatives in Haiti and especially his high contribution to the reconstruction of the country after the earthquake of January 12, 2010'. Clinton declared at the ceremony that 'in the United States of America, I really don't believe former American presidents need awards anymore, but I am very honored by this one, I love Haiti, and I believe in its promise'. President Barack Obama awarded Clinton the on November 20, 2013.
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Turetzky; 'Stability and Change in President Clinton's Foreign Policy Beliefs, 1993–96' Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28, 1998 • Kim, Claire Jean. 'Managing the Racial Breach: Clinton, Black‐White Polarization, and the Race Initiative'.
Political Science Quarterly 117.1 (2002): 55–79. • Laham, Nicholas, A Lost Cause: Bill Clinton's Campaign for National Health Insurance (1996) • Lanoue, David J. Emmert; 'Voting in the Glare of the Spotlight: Representatives' Votes on the Impeachment of President Clinton' Polity, Vol. 32, 1999 • Levy, Peter B.
Encyclopedia of the Clinton presidency (Greenwood, 2002) • Maurer; Paul J. 'Media Feeding Frenzies: Press Behavior during Two Clinton Scandals' Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 29, 1999 • Nie; Martin A. 'It's the Environment, Stupid!' : Clinton and the Environment' Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, 1997 • O'Connor; Brendon.
'Policies, Principles, and Polls: Bill Clinton's Third Way Welfare Politics 1992–1996' The Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol. 48, 2002 • Poveda; Tony G.
'Clinton, Crime, and the Justice Department' Social Justice, Vol. 21, 1994 • Renshon; Stanley A. The Clinton Presidency: Campaigning, Governing, and the Psychology of Leadership Westview Press, 1995 • Romano, Flavio.
Clinton and Blair: the political economy of the third way (Routledge, 2007) • Renshon; Stanley A. 'The Polls: The Public's Response to the Clinton Scandals, Part 1: Inconsistent Theories, Contradictory Evidence' Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 32, 2002 • Rushefsky, Mark E. And Kant Patel. Politics, Power & Policy Making: The Case of Health Care Reform in the 1990s (1998) • Schantz, Harvey L.
Politics in an Era of Divided Government: Elections and Governance in the Second Clinton Administration (2001) • Troy, Gill. The Age of Clinton: America in the 1990s (2015) • Warshaw, Shirley Anne. The Clinton Years (Infobase Publishing, 2009) • Wattenberg; Martin P. 'The Democrats' Decline in the House during the Clinton Presidency: An Analysis of Partisan Swings' Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 29, 1999 • Wattier; Mark J. 'The Clinton Factor: The Effects of Clinton's Personal Image in 2000 Presidential Primaries and in the General Election' White House Studies, Vol.
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